The And The Bible - 1299 Words

Introduction For centuries predestination has been a meticulously discussed subject which causes many divides in opinion due to some verses in the Bible being potentially ambiguous or contradictory and it is therefore necessary to look at this ancient text as a whole in order to get an accurate understanding. Predestination is a significant topic as it brings into question the nature of the traditional Judeo-Christian God who has long been seen as omniscient (possessing universal and complete knowledge), omnibenevolent (infinitely good and all-loving), omnipotent (all-powerful) and immanent (permanently interacting with the universe). For some, the idea of having a supreme god and yet a sin-filled world is either impossible or simply means that this god is the ‘father of all evils’. Could it be that God is the alpha and the omega (the beginning and the end) but not the intermediate because he lacks the power, knowledge and love to regulate this world which has been spiralling out of control since the Fall of Man in Genesis 3? Another reason as to why it is significant is that it will reveal to us whether we are accountable for our actions or whether God’s sovereignty takes precedence over our culpability. The examination can be fragmented into two opposing perspectives, Calvinism and Arminianism, which both try to explain the predicament of predestination in regards to seven key areas: sovereignty, man’s depravity, election, Christ’s atonement, grace, man’s will andShow MoreRelatedThe Bible Vs. Bible874 Words   |  4 Pagesthis book of the Bible before? I never fully read the Bible, because â€Å"they† picked out what â€Å"they† wanted to be taught. They give us passages to remember such as, â€Å"I will lead the blind by ways they have not known, along unfamiliar paths I will guide them; I will turn the darkness into light before them and make the rough places smooth.† (Isaiah 42:16), but never, â€Å"Do no t wear clothing woven of two kinds of material.† (Leviticus 19:19). I never truly sat down, and read the Bible. Even, when I wasRead MoreThe Bible And The Hebrew Bible783 Words   |  4 Pagesa conclusion must be made that one can not put ancient literature into a neat and tidy â€Å"this is what the Bible is saying so it must be true† box. There are many parts of the Hebrew Bible that are strange to read. If many were lived out today, it would ostracize people, and to be blunt, land someone in prison. However, all of these passages are included in this great book, the Hebrew Bible, for a reason. They were important to the Jewish culture whom they were written for. Why were they importantRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible766 Words   |  4 PagesMany evangelical Christians believe that there is no error in the Holy Scriptures. Since the Bible was written many years ago, we must reconcile our understanding of passages that seem to make contradictory statements . The Holy Scriptures as a whole is the Word of God. The doctrine of inerrancy of Scripture states that there are no errors in the bible. Two passages in 1 John, however, make seemly contradictory statements. But the author wrote under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The meaningRead MoreBible : The Gutenberg Bible1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gutenberg Bible, also known as the Mazarin Bible and the 42-Line Bible. It is often considered one of the first notable books to have been printed because unlike early books, this book was printed with movable type. Invented by Johann Gutenberg, his invention changed the course of technology and the way people gained knowledge forever. The earliest form of printing known is the application of signet stones. This was used in ancient times in Babylonia. Before The Gutenberg Bible, books were traditionally  renderedRead MoreThe Bible Vs. Bible1597 Words   |  7 PagesIn our society today, we can see many bible verses being talked about, being referred to, being preached about, but what in reality does that all mean? Many of us use and interpret different verses in the bible to give someone else a bit of hope and love, a bit of knowledge about Jesus Christ or even to give ourself a boost of confidence and hope in our own personal life. For example, when I personally am â€Å"down† or I feel overwhelmed with certain situations in life going on and I talk to my motherRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesFrom its first pages, the Holy Bible indicates that the most terrible events in the annals of space occur due to the human actions. From the theological point of view, the man i s designated with such importance due to the fact of being the reason of war between God and Lucifer. Unfortunately, after the Fall of man, the evil was allowed into the world, and thus the world got secluded from God. God can speak to people, is able to remind them of His existence, but the whole tragedy of the pre-ChristianRead MoreBiblical Bible And The Bible1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughly studies the Words of God found in the Bible, one would find that there are many topics and doctrines contained within. One of the major doctrines or teachings found in Scripture is prophecy. Around 28 percent of the Bible is classified as prophecy. The men who wrote these prophecies did not write based off what they thought would happen. Neither did they write them after the events that were predicted took place as some critics of the Bible would claim. These men were inspired by an omnipotentRead MoreThe Bible By The Poisonwood Bible981 Words   |  4 Pagesmovie producers have led peopl e on to believe, that missionaries are self-serving and as having specific intentions. One of the prime examples of misrepresenting a missionary; is the book called The Poisonwood Bible. I had to read The Poisonwood Bible in an English class. The Poisonwood Bible is the story of a missionary named Nathan Price and his family. Nathan was Reverend and he was mean to his wife and children. Nathan and his family lived in the Congo. He was disrespectful to his wife and hisRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible2735 Words   |  11 PagesMesser says that for Christians, the Holy Bible is the rich mixture of writings of various kinds, written over many centuries in many different settings collected together in the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament; and by calling this collection of writing â€Å"Scripture† we are marking it off from other writings that come from the same places and times and claiming that is has some kind of special status and authority within the community of Christian faith. (Messer p5) One way for Christians toRead MoreThe Bible And The Interpretation Of The Bible910 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the interpretation of the Bible is the particular task of the exegetes, it does not belong, however, as a monopoly, since it involves, in the Church, aspects that go beyond the scientific analysis of the texts. The Church, in effect, does not consider the Bible simply as a set of historical documents concerning its origins. She welcomes it as the Word of God that directs her and the whole world, in the present time. This conviction of faith has as a consequence the practice of updating

Can Money Buy Happiness - 1637 Words

Does Happiness Come With A Price? Malcom Williams Can Money Buy Happiness? Abstract In this paper, I argue and show various sources addressing the correlations between money and happiness through subjects such as pro-social spending, materialism, the pursuit of spending on others, and the effects of homelessness on physical and mental health. Much of the time, cash can have a negative impact on both, particularly the. Now and again, in any case, cash may positively affect satisfaction and wellbeing, especially through financial stress. In some cases, I prove that money may also have a positive effect on happiness and health, through spending money on others, for example. This paper will investigate on how you can purchase†¦show more content†¦Eventually, the question is â€Å"Can money buy happiness for those who spend it wisely†? This question relies on the individual, yet I, alongside numerous others, trust that everybody can purchase happiness with the correct use of their money. I recently did some research and I found on livescience.com, â€Å"Five things that will make you happy,† by Clara Moskowitz. Her research supports the claim stating, â€Å"Some scientists have argued that happiness is largely determined by genetics, health, and other factors mostly outside of our control, but recent research â€Å"suggests people actually can take charge of their own happiness and boost it through certain practices.† â€Å" The billion-dollar question is, is it possible to become happier?† said by the psychologist, Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of California, Riverside. Despite the finding that happiness is partially genetically determined and despite the finding that life situations have a smaller influence on our happiness than we think they do, we argue that still, a large portion of happiness is in our power to change†. According to Wall Street Journal writer Robert Frank (12 May 2017), â€Å"The research on wealth and happiness is filled with contradictions. For ages, studies showed that more money didn’t bring more happiness and that happiness plateaued at a certain income or wealth level once certain needs were met†. Happiness comes without a price tag, it gives the idea that the more moneyShow MoreRelatedCan Money Buy Happiness?1324 Words   |  6 PagesCan money buy happiness? It’s a philosophical question that has been discussed for centuries and there is no simple answer. For example, Graham Hill in â€Å"Living with Less. A Lot Less† gives his input on this highly debated topic through a multitude of short anecdotes. She asked herself not if â€Å"Money can buy happiness,† but if money could â€Å"help buy happiness† (Rubin 293). She also brings up the idea of modest splurging and spending out as methods of using money to help one buy happiness. Rub in describesRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1110 Words   |  5 PagesCan Money buy Happiness? Money is people’s number one priority. It enables them to purchase food, clothing, and shelter. Money can buy anything with a price on it, but can it buy happiness? Happiness is not an item you can buy, it is something you can feel. Money cannot bring you happiness, only satisfaction. We learn growing up not everything in this world is free. Money can only give you a short term of happiness. When you buy everything you want, you do not have anything to look forwardRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness1523 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy†. Notice that happiness is within the range of contentment to intense joy. Every single thing in the world which brings contentment or joy costs money and therefore, it is money which brings happiness. Nothing can be yours without money being spent either by the person experiencing this happiness, or by others spending money so that they can be happy. For example, even peopleRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness : Happiness1653 Words   |  7 PagesMoney Can Buy Happiness Happiness, has long been an estate that huge numbers of individuals endeavor to create a path, that seeks to find it. Extensive research, surprisingly enough, does not have definitive answers on the concept of what makes one happy. As a matter of fact; there are as many attempts to define happiness, as there are the many scholars, theologians, psychologist and philosophers, curious enough to research it. Many ¬Ã‚ ¬; are unsuccessful in comparison to the ready definition ofRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?948 Words   |  4 PagesHappiness can stem from many different emotions, accomplishments and you’re overall well-being, but what has been debated for years is can money buy you happiness? It can buy you material items and even a way to see the world if desired however, true happiness cannot be bought by the dollar as this version of â€Å"happiness† is temporary. In today’s society there is no level of satisfaction as we are constantly innovating and getti ng newer and better in short periods of time. In the article â€Å"Can MoneyRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness945 Words   |  4 PagesCan money buy you happiness? It is a classical debate, sparked by the left-wing communists and religious leaders who suggest that a person can live a full life without the pursuit of money, and instead one must look to a more spiritual existence above the material desires. It is perhaps conceivable in a century gone by where people grew all their food and believed in witches, that a human could forge a fulfilling existence without the need of money to satisfy our desires. However in today’s societyRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness? Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesThere is More Than One Path to Happiness (2D) Growing up in a family where both my parents came from poor immigrant backgrounds always made financial success a priority and when there was no need to be frugal, my parents did seem happier. But did money buy my parents’ happiness or did money lead to their happiness? Ed Diener and Robert Biswas-Diener attempt to answer that question in their excerpt â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness,† where they claim that â€Å"[m]oney can be a help in attaining psychologicalRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?891 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Can money buy happiness?† has been a cliche question for centuries, and there have been numerous studies and debates on this topic. Yet, no one seems to have a definite answer. In the video Money and Happiness, Michael Norton states explicitly that money does bring people happiness if you spent it on other people rather than on yourself. Although his interesting and novel answer is contrary to people’s natural instinct, it makes me refl ect on my past experience of spending on others, and helps meRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1646 Words   |  7 PagesCan Money Buy Happiness? Happiness is a positive emotion which all humans experience but which cannot be defined through a monetary value. Money is the symbol of greed and desire. It leads to overconsumption allowing for us the consumers to forcibly satisfy all of our desires in life instead of on spending our money on our needs and on the essential things in life that people need in order to survive and maintain a well-balanced lifestyle. Although some people may say that money can buy happinessRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1085 Words   |  5 PagesCan Money Buy Happiness? In the article â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness†, by Author C. Brook, Mack Metcalf was a man who lived a normal life just like everybody else. He was the winner of the $65 million powerball jackpot, and it changed his life forever. He quit his job and he later recounted .and he never worked again. His first impulse was to quit everything, after a life characterized by many problem , Metcalf had a whole plan on what to do with the money that he won, but his plan did not go

Analyze the methods used by the one single-party Free Essays

Analyze the methods used by the one single-party ruler In his successful bled for power. Hitler was a single part state ruler of Germany who had led the Nazis and played undoubtedly the biggest role in starting the Second World War. However, when studying Hitler, it is important to remember he had not always been in control of a large portion of Europe, let alone Germany itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyze the methods used by the one single-party or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus this paper will explain the methods used by Hitler in his successful bid for power which are political prowess, intimidation, and opportunism. Firstly, Hitter’s political prowess will be analyzed for Its strengths and weaknesses in Hitter’s coming to power. Hitler used a wide array of propaganda in his coming to power that appealed to all social groups that had been In Germany at the time of his rule. For example, he lobbied his campaign towards married women, big businesses, small businesses, the unemployed, the workers and also the youth. He led many campaigns which appealed to the desires of these groups such as promising work for the unemployed, if he was to come into power. These promises that he made to the public had to have been successful because in the November election of 1932, Hitter’s Nazis had the biggest party in the Reichstag of approximately 230 chairs. However, that is not to say that his political maneuvers had no fault. His youth policies had not been totally accepted by the children of the Germany, which led to 2 youth uprising which Hitler had to have taken care of. However, his political successes can also be seen in his manipulation of Heidelberg into Initiating Article 48 and commencing emergency decrees to allow Hitler to reign as he pleased as the chancellor without having to listen to the Reichstag, which aided greatly In his consolidation of power. Hitter’s strengths as a political figure can also be seen In his great oratorical ablest. Hitler had the ability to evoke passion and Install his truths and beliefs through his passionate and motivating speeches which proved to be essential in his Munich Putsch and his trial for causing the Putsch as he was able to win over a lot of supporters and put Nazism on the map, all through the eloquence and moving power f his speeches. Karl Alluded, an early supporter of Nazism expresses the sheer power of Hitter’s speeches in being able to win over any crowd. The successes of this ability can be seen in Hitter’s campaigns to win elections in the Reichstag, with no great speeches which were essential in his appointment as chancellor. Therefore, this paragraph shows that Hitter’s political deplores was a very effective method In his cry of power as It Is what allowed him to become known to the public and transcend above his competitors. Another method that Hitler used in his bid for power was the method of eloped greatly in his use of intimidation as a method of coming into power. The AS, with the direct orders of Hitler, broke up many communist meetings and the campaigning of his other opponents which scared his opponents from openly going against him as they were too afraid of his secret police to do so. This shows how successful Hitter’s use of intimidation must have been in his bid for power. However, Hitler had trouble controlling the AS (who were loyal to Ernst Room), which led to the murder of Ernst Room, which in turn shows Hitter’s weakness in being able to control people through his use of fear and intimidation. This action however, caused people to fear Hitler more as he was able to show that he was willing to kill him friend, showing that he would kill anyone standing in his way, which in turn aided his use of fear as a tool to come to power. Therefore, it can be seen that fear and intimidation was a successful tool for Hitler as it stopped his opponents from being able to openly go against him, letting him get to power more easily. Lastly, opportunism will be discussed as a method of Hitter’s bid for power. Main examples of Hitter’s opportunism in his rise to power are the Great Depression and Germany’s economic situation during his rise. The Great Depression was a crash in the stock market of the USA which ended up having repercussions to not only the USA but also to essentially every country USA had been involved in trade with. One of the countries that had greatly depended on the American support had been Germany, as they had been supported financially by the USA t hrough the Dace’s Plan and the loans which had kept the crumbling Germany together. However, due to the rash, the loans had stopped and Germany’s economy was at crisis once again. Seeing on opportunity, Hitler continued harder with his extremist views and policies, which were now welcomed by the German public who had grown tired of the rule of the Whimper republic and were wiling to looking for solutions through more extremist methods. This new popular support of the Nazis had been further stimulated by the Whimper Republic who had, in fear of another hyperinflation, raised taxes during a time when people did not even have enough money to support their basic deeds. Thus, it can be seen that the aggravated campaigning during this time of crisis in Germany had been crucial for Hitler in his rise to power because it was this opportunistic campaigning which earned him approximately 230 chairs in the Reichstag during the 1932 November elections. In conclusion, it can be seen that Hitter’s political prowess, intimidation and opportunism had all been relatively successful methods in his bid for power, even though they all have slight weaknesses in how effective they were in achieving his goal of gaining power. How to cite Analyze the methods used by the one single-party, Papers

Using Motivational Levers and Easing Conflict at SWC Essay Sample free essay sample

Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation Since clip immemorial. motive has been a controversial issue that has merited the attending of both academic bookmans and HR industry practicians. Globalization and technological promotions are transforming both the character of the workplace and the quality of employees. doing the undertaking of organisational endurance and viing in the market topographic point more challenging for companies and directors ( Gagne A ; Deci. 2005 ) . A planetary concern is one of a geocentric nature where company assets in other states influence the firm’s place in one state. SWC direction should reflect the nationalities represented in the concern. This brings diverseness and market cognition into the organisational civilization ( Ayman. Kreicker. A ; Masztal. 1994 ) . What motivates a director ( continuing the company’s prestigiousness ) may non be the same lever that motivates an employee ( who may be working merely to pay the mortgage ) . The manager’s occupation is to cognize which sets of levers will work for each employee ( Gerstner. 2002 ) . Motivation can be used to better employee public presentation and productiveness. Employees can be motivated to make their work better. that is. bettering their work public presentation. and working more efficaciously to better their productiveness. One manner is to portion information ( like net income and loss or quality of service ) on how the employees’ section is making in comparing with others in or out of the company ( Bruce A ; Pepitone. 1999 ) . Geting employees warmed up is good. but it is non plenty. After acquiring them ab initio motivated. the director has to assist each one set up and accomplish higher ends. Motivation can be a utile tool in end scene by indicating out marks that will convey employees out of their comfort zones ( Hiam. 1999 ) . Porter and Lawler built on Vroom’s theory by suggesting a theoretical account of intrinsic/extrinsic motive. Peoples are extrinsically motivated if they do something they find interesting and from which they derive satisfaction. Besides people are extrinsically motivated if they do the activity because they are satisfied with the touchable or verbal wagess attached ( Gagne A ; Deci. 2005 ) . On the other manus. intrinsic motive transpires when people do a taks without outlook of an external wages or inducement. In these instances. I engage in an activity because I find fulfillment in it instead than anticipating a fillip or inducement from the completion of a undertaking or battle in an activity ( Gagne A ; Deci. 2005 ) . To elaborate on this construct farther. see an employee who undergoes a preparation plan in the office. He may be interested in the preparation because he knows he will acquire a publicity upon its completion. In such a instance. he is externally motivated ; nevertheless. if he attends the preparation because he feels he wants to larn more and experience fulfilled from so making. so this leans more on intrinsic motive. Obviously. it is of import to honor employees for productive work behaviour. But different employees like different types of wagess. which is why supervisors should hold entree to and be trained to administrate different types of reinforcing stimuluss. For illustration. some employees can be rewarded with congratulations. others with interesting work. and still others with money ( Filipczak. 1993 ) . In fact. a meta-analysis by Stajkovic and Luthans ( 1997 ) found that fiscal. nonfinancial. and societal wagess all resulted in increased degrees of public presentation. As a consequence. many organisations are offering travel awards instead than fiscal wagess ( Poe. 1997 ) . For illustration. every executive at McDonald’s is allowed to put up high executing employees for a opportunity to pass a hebdomad in one of the company’s condos in Hawaii. Florida. and Lake Tahoe. Nevada. At Motorola. directors can put up employees for travel awards. The usage of money to actuate better worker public presentation has once more become popular ( Schuster A ; Zingheim. 1992 ) . A compensation program should ever include basal wage and a benefit bundle to supply employees with security. salary accommodations to cover such conditions as unwanted displacements and geographic countries which high costs of life. and variable wage to supply an inducement to execute better. Though incentive systems frequently result in higher degrees of public presentation. when designed ill. they can ensue in such negative results as increased emphasis. decreased wellness. and decreased safety ( Schleifer A ; Amick. 1989 ) . Incentive wage can be given for either single public presentation of group public presentation. Hiking assurance is one of the best ways to keep high degrees of motive in employees ( Bruce A ; Pepitone. 1999 ) . Therefore. a director who believes in his/her employees can prolong higher degrees of motive. Not believing in employees can be fatal for the organisation and the calling of a director. Motivation Models Much research has been done to place proved theories and methods that directors can utilize to actuate their employees ( Gagne A ; Deci. 2005 ) . All executives should supply motive and way to direction degrees harmonizing to concern ends. mission. and vision. Companies have many challenges including planetary competition. economic disruption. and corporate retrenchment. These challenges call for executives to measure and progress in bettering public presentation and single development in a planetary competitory environment. These passages come from the disputing state of affairss directors confront. It requires the development of new constructs and thoughts. Because of their experiences. planetary directors learn and adapt ( Spreitzer. Mcall. A ; Mahoney. 1997 ) . Management encounters a assortment of state of affairss where actuating others is necessary. When mentioning to Abraham Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory. people are motivated by fulfilling five degrees of human demands: ( 1 ) Physiological ( hungriness and thirst ) ; ( 2 ) safety ( bodily ) ; ( 3 ) societal ( friendship and association ) ; ( 4 ) regard ( for oneself and others ) ; and ( 5 ) self-actualization ( growing and realisation of possible ) ( Chapman. 2004 ) . Basic biological demands.Maslow thought that an single first seeks to fulfill basic biological demands for nutrient. air. H2O. and shelter. An person who does non hold a occupation. is stateless. and is on the brink of famishment will be satisfied with any occupation every bit long as it provides for these basic demands. When asked how good they enjoy their occupation. people at this degree might answer. â€Å"I can’t complain. it pays the measures. † Safety demands.After the basic biological demands have been met. a occupation that simply provides nutrient and shelter will no longer be fulfilling. Employees so go concerned about run intoing their safety demands. That is. they may work in an insecure coal mine to gain money to guarantee their family’s endurance. but one time their household has nutrient and shelter. they will stay satisfied with their occupations merely if their workplace is safe. Safety demands have been explained to include psychological every bit good as physical safety. Psychological safety – frequently referred to as occupation security – can surely impact occupation satisfaction. For illustration. public sector employees frequently list occupation security as a chief benefit to their occupations – a benefit so strong that they will remain in lower paying public sector occupations instead than take higher paying. yet less secure. occupations in the private sector. Social demands.Once these first two demand degrees have been met. employees will stay satisfied with their occupations merely when their societal demands have been met. Social needs affect working with others. developing friendly relationships. and experiencing needed. Organizations attempt to fulfill their employees’ societal demands in a assortment of ways. Company cafeterias provide workers the topographic point and chance to socialise and run into other employees. company field daies allow households to run into one another. and company athleticss plans such as bowling squads and softball games provide chances for employees to play together in a impersonal environment. Ego demands.When societal demands have been satisfied. employees concentrate following on run intoing their self-importance demands. These are demands for acknowledgment and success. and an organisation can assist to fulfill them through congratulations. salary additions. and promotion. Ego needs can be satisfied in many ways. For illustration. many organisations use furniture to assist fulfill self-importance demands. The higher the employee’s place. the better his office furniture. Self-actualization demands.Even when employees have friends. have earned awards. and are doing a comparatively high wage. they may non be wholly satisfied with their occupations because their self-actualization demands may hold non been satisfied yet. These demands are the fifth and concluding degree of Maslow’s needs hierarchy. Self-actualization may be best defined by the US Army’s enrolling motto. â€Å"be the best that you can be. † An employee endeavoring for self-actualization wants to make her possible in every undertaking. Therefore. employees who have worked within the same machine for 20 old ages may go disgruntled with their occupations. They have accomplished all that they can with that peculiar machine and now hunt for a new challenge. If none is available. they may go disgruntled. Needs Theories Because of the proficient jobs with Maslow’s hierarchy. Aldefer ( 1972 ) developed a demands theory that merely has three degrees. The three degrees are existence. relatedness. and growing – hence the name ERG theory. Research by Wanous and Zwany ( 1977 ) supported Aldefer’s proposed figure of degrees. Other than the figure of degrees. the major difference between Maslow’s theory and ERG theory is that Aldefer suggested that a individual can jump degrees. By leting such motion. Aldefer removed one of the biggest jobs with Maslow’s theory. Still another needs theory. which reduces the figure of demands to two. was developed by Herzberg ( 1966 ) . He believed that job-related factors can de divided into two classs. incentives and hygiene factors – therefore the name two-factor theory. Hygiene factors are those job-related elements that consequences from but do non affect the occupation itself. For illustration. wage and benefits are effects of work but do non affect the work itself. Similarly. doing new friends may ensue from traveling to work. but it is besides non straight involved with the undertakings and responsibilities of the occupation. Incentives are occupation elements that do concern existent undertakings and responsibilities. Examples of incentives would be the degree of occupation duty. the sum of occupation control. and the involvement that the work holds for the employee. Herzberg believed that hygiene factors are necessary but non sufficient for occupation satisfaction and motive. That is. if a hygiene factors is non present at an equal degree ( e. g. the wage is excessively low ) . the employee will be dissatisfied. But if all hygiene factors are represented adequately. the employee’s degree of satisfaction will merely be impersonal. Merely the presence of both incentives and hygiene factors can convey occupation satisfaction and motive. Herzberg’s theory is one of those theories that makes sense but has non received strong support from research. In general. research workers have criticized the theory because of the methods used to develop the two factors every bit good as the fact that few re search surveies have replicated the findings obtained by Herzberg and his co-workers ( Hinrichis A ; Mischkind. 1967 ; King. 1970 ) . The concluding demands theory was developed by McClelland ( 1961 ) and suggests that differences between persons stem from the relationship between a occupation and each employee’s degree of occupation satisfaction or motive. McClelland believed that employees differ in their demands for accomplishment. association. and power. Employees who have a strong demand for achievement desire occupations that are disputing and over which they have some control. whereas employees who have minimum accomplishment demands are more satisfied when occupations involve small challenge and have high chance of success. In contrast. employees who have a strong demand for association prefer working with and assisting other people. These types of employees are found more frequently in people-oriented service occupations than in direction or disposal ( Smither A ; Lindgren. 1978 ) . Finally. employees who have a strong demand for power have a desire to act upon others instead than merely be successful. Research has shown that employees who have a strong demand for power and achievement do the best directors ( Stahl. 1983 ) and that employees who are motivated most by their association demands will likely do the worst directors. All these theories may be said to be based on Skinner’s support theory. which refers to behavior being shaped. changed or maintained though the usage of positive and negative support ( Kearsley. 2005 ) . This implies that a individual can act in a certain manner through the usage of motivational levers. What do all these theories suggest for the staff at SWC? The executives who are younger in footings of age opine that they need more attending from their directors. and that the latter merely respond to their demands because they feel obligated. Furthermore. they feel driven to turn out that they have an of import niche within the SWC endeavor. Conflict Resolution Conflict happens when two or more people or groups have disagreement on issues. Besides. struggle occurs when there are differences between and among individuals. Conflict is inevitable and if non handled right. it consequences to statements and differences from little to major issues ( Sweeney A ; McFarlin. 2002 ) . The appropriate struggle declaration technique in the instance of SWC is join forcesing. In join forcesing. the individual works with the other. hand in glove to work out the struggle. It requires a high degree of both assertiveness and cooperation. This type of struggle gives importance to both parties ( Sweeney A ; McFarlin. 2002 ) . Furthermore. as the individual works hand in glove with the other individual. they both explore and learn from each others’ penetrations. This type of struggle handling technique is characterized by â€Å"two caputs are better than one† . An illustration of this is a collaborative debitor who is unfastened and sincere in being honest to his or her creditor. He or she is willing to allow the creditor know about his or her fiscal state of affairs ( Blitman. 2002 ) . Such coaction may be carried out by holding shared ends within the squad. This may merely be possible with unfastened communicating to be able to settle differences between gro ups and persons. However. the state of affairs may acquire a spot more complicated if the parties involved in the struggle are physically far from each other. such as when one is located in a distant site or country. Other media may be looked at as options – such as electronic mail. teleconferencings. and other such advanced communicating tools to ease struggle declaration. Collaboration may besides be applied between the immature executives of SWC and its more senior members. On the one manus. immature executives may listen and larn from the wealth of experience that the seniors have garnered throughout the old ages. On the other manus. the senior directors must besides be unfastened in listening to the fresh thoughts of their younger opposite numbers. Both parties must be able to pull off themselves despite the differences in age. cultural background. and gender. Conflict Stimulation Conflict stimulation may be necessary to enable positive alteration in an endeavor where struggle is present. The parties have to be cognizant that they have to lend to a contributing ambiance of struggle declaration. It may be good for SWC to see revolving its employees. One of the benefits of this move would be to debar ennui at work ; to assist them accommodate to different managerial manners ; and besides to further chumminess within the group. When lower degrees of struggle are reached. there is a greater chance of increasing productiveness and morale. There are HR-initiated activities that may besides assist decide struggle within SWC. One is to hold all conflicting party members undergo a squad edifice exercising. This would supply them a locale for deciding their concerns. Furthermore. they should be encouraged to give feedback and to hold unfastened communicating lines – and such openness must be reinforced positively alternatively of being reprimanded. Buddy-up or mentoring systems is besides a good intercession to be able to assist them organize stronger bonds. Because deficiency of lucidity in footings of functions may besides be a beginning of struggle. it may besides be addressed through function elucidation Sessionss. All these will redound to better bottomline consequences ( Robbins. 2001 ) . Integrative Bargaining Integrative bargaining entails sing the involvements of both parties to be able to come up with a win-win solution to a peculiar job or issue. There are two types of bargaining. viz. . distributive and integrative. In SWC’s instance. integrative bargaining is preferred so that both parties involved in the struggle may derive a benefit from its declaration. To transport this out. at that place has to be a readying for bargaining. scene of house regulations. treatment and justification of the exercising. work outing the job. existent bargaining. and closing. To be able to get at the best possible solution. each party is encouraged to deeply understand the state of affairs and facts. and adhere to the gound regulations which has been set. Focus and lucidity have to be present for a reciprocally good declaration ( Robbins. 2001 ) . Effective Motivational Models The motivational theoretical account that shall work optimally for SWC is the theoretical account of transformational leading. Since its debut over twenty old ages ago. transformational leading has been strongly emphasized in the US direction literature. The benefits of magnetic or transformational leading are thought to include widening and promoting the involvements of followings. bring forthing consciousness and credence among the followings of the intents and mission of the group. and actuating followings to travel beyond their opportunisms for the good of the group and the organisation ( Bass. 1990 ) . Transformational leaders articulate a realistic vision of the hereafter that can be shared. excite subsidiaries intellectually. and pay attending to the differences among the subsidiaries. Tichy and Devanna ( 1990 ) highlight the transforming consequence these leaders can hold on organisations every bit good as on persons. By specifying the demand for alteration. making new vision s. and mobilising committedness to these visions. leaders can finally transform organisations ( Hartog et al. . 1999 ) . It is of import for directors of SWC to be able to update their staff about alterations that may impact them. supply feedback about public presentation on the occupation. and give them liberty and trust in transporting out their undertakings. They must besides be able to skilfully reenforce positive work behaviour through the usage of both extrinsic and intrinsic wagess. Furthermore. they besides have to cognize how to pull off good amidst the diverseness of backgrounds. upbringing. and personalities of their staff. Merely in so making would they be able to beg committedness towards a shared vision. One illustration would be supplying wagess based on the per centum of monthly gross revenues – this is performance-based instead than entitlement-based wagess. Mentions Aldefer. C. P. ( 1972 ) .Being. relatedness. and growing: Human demands in organisational scenes.New York: Free Press. Ayman. R. . Kreicker. N. A. . A ; Masztal. J. J. ( 1994 Winter ) .Specifying planetary leading in concern environments.Consulting Psychology Journal. 46 ( 1 ) . 64-77. Bass. B. ( 1990 ) . Bass A ; Stogdill’s enchiridion of leading: theory. research and managerial applications. New York: The Free Press. Bruce. A. . A ; Pepitone. J. ( 1999 ) .Motivating employees. New York: McGraw Hill. Chapman. A. ( 2004 ) .Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of demands.Retrieved January 29. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. businessballs. com/maslow. htm Filipszak. B. ( 1993 ) . Why no 1 likes your incentive plan.Training. 30 ( 5 ). 19-25. Gagne. M. . A ; Deci. E. L. ( 2005 ) .Self-determination theory and work motive. Retrieved January 29. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: // World Wide Web. psych. Rochester. edu/SDT/publications/documents/2005_GagneDeci_JOB_SDTtheory. pdf Gerstner. L. V. Jr. ( 2002 ) .Who says elephants can’t dance?New York: HarperCollins. Hartog. D. N. . House. R. . J. . Hanges. P. J. . et Al. ( 1999 ) . Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable inexplicit leading theories: Are attributes of charismatic/ transformational leading universally endorsed? Leadership Quarterly. 10 ( 2 ) . 219-256. Herzberg. F. ( 1966 ) .Work and the nature of adult male.Cleveland: World. Hiam. A. ( 1999 ) .Streetwise motivation and honoring employees.Holbrook. Ma: Adams. Kearsley. G. ( 2005 ) .Operant conditioning.Retrieved January 29. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //tip. psychological science. org/skinner. hypertext markup language McClelland. D. C. ( 1961 ) .The achieving society. Princeton. New jersey: Van Nostrand. Poe. A. C. ( 1997 ) . Productivity via Eden.HR Magazine. 42 ( 10 ) .91-94. Robbins. S. ( 2001 ) .Organizational behaviour( 5th ed. ) . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Scheifer. L. M. A ; Amick. B. C. ( 1989 ) . System response clip and method of wage: Stress effects in computer-based undertakings.International Journal of Human Computer Interaction. 1 ( 1 ). 23-39. Schuster. J. R. A ; Zingheim. P. K. ( 1992 ) .The new wage. New York: Lexington Books. Smither. R. A ; Lindgren. H. C. ( 1978 ) . Salary. age. sex. and need for accomplishment in bank employees.Psychological Reports. 42.334. Spreitzer. G. M. . McCall. M. W. A ; Mahoney. J. D. ( 1997 February) . Early designation of international executive potency.Journal of Applied Psychology. 82 ( 1 ) . Stahl. M. J. ( 1983 ) . Achievement. power. and managerial motive: Choosing managerial endowment with the occupation pick exercising.Personnel Psychology. 36.775-789. Stajkovic. A. D. A ; Luthans. F. ( 1997 ) . A meta-analysis of the effects of organisational behaviour alteration on undertaking public presentation. 1975-95.Academy of Management Journal. 40 ( 5 ) .1122-1149. Tichy. N. M. . A ; Devanna. M. A. ( 1990 ) . The transformational leader. ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: Wiley. Wanous. J. P. A ; Zwany. A. ( 1977 ) . A cross-sectional trial of demand hierarchy theory.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 18.78-97.

Age discrimination in Employment

The Statue of Libertys Origins in Egypt

The Statue of Liberty's Origins in Egypt No, Miss Liberty of Statue-of-Liberty fame wasnt always imagined as the scowling, linebacker-throated Midwestern matron of steely spiky Germanic stock that she is today. She was supposed to look like an Arab peasant, robed in the folds of Muslim precepts. She wasnt even supposed to be eternally standing at the entrance of New York Harbor, warning new arrivals to the New World about New Jersey to her right. Thats all schoolbook revisionism designed not to traumatize young American pupils with the reality behind Liberty: that she was supposed to be the welcome maam at the entrance of the Suez Canal in Egypt, that her name was supposed to be either Egypt or Progress, and that the flame she was brandishing was to symbolize the light she was bringing to Asia, which had claims to newness all its own. Lighting the Way to Asia All this from the imaginative scruffles of Frà ©dà ©ric Auguste Bartholdi, the Alsatian-French sculptor whod fallen in love with his own Orientalist fantasies about the Middle East after a trip to Egypts Luxor spreads in 1855. He liked Egypts colossal sculptures, those granite beings of imperturbable majesty with their eyes seemingly fixed on the limitless future. He liked just as much the then-fashionable notions of Europeans thinking themselves the Orients the best thing since unsliced baklava. Bartholdi returned to Egypt in 1869 with the blueprints for a toga-draped giant of a woman whod double-up as a lighthouse at the entrance of the Suez Canal, which opened that year to fanfare and (British and French) stockholders delight. The Suez Canal may have been in Egypt. But Egypt wasnt reaping its monetary benefits. The American Civil War had done wonders for Egyptian wealth thanks to the blockade of Southern cotton, which turned Egyptian cotton into gold. But the price of cotton crashed after the Civil War and so did Egypts economy. Suez revenue could have picked up the slack. Instead, it went into the pockets of European investors (until Egypts Gama Abdel Nasser nationalized the waterway in 1956, to the disingenuous fury of France and Britain). From Lady Egypt to Lady Liberty As Bartholdi was sketching one likeness of his great statue after another, it became apparent that his plan would never get Egypts financing. Bartholdi was crushed. He sailed to New York. And there, as his ship was entering New York Harbor, he saw Bedloes Island, deserted, oval-shaped, perfectly positioned to bear his creation. She wouldnt be Egypt. But shed still be Bartholds. He worked out an arrangement with Gustav Eiffel to build the statue in 350 pieces in Paris, for the French government to pay for the statue (that was back when French and Americans had more respect than reproach for each other), and with American donors to pay for the 89-foot pedestal. Bartholdis goal was to have the dedication coincide with the centennial of the American Revolution, somewhere around July 4, 1876. It happened a bit later, on Oct. 28, 1886, with a military, naval and civic parade in Manhattan, ending at the Battery at the tip of the island, with Gen. Charles P. Stone, who as the statues American engineer, was essentially its midwife, was the parades grand marshal. She was no longer an Egyptian woman. She was Liberty Enlightening the World. New York Inaugurates Liberty The weather did not cooperate. The rain was so bad that a New York Times editorial called it almost a national misfortune that robbed the pageant of much of its effect. Not that U.S. President Grover Cleveland was going to miss a chance to make himself slightly immortal by association with Lady Liberty as he accepted this grand and imposing work of art, though in words of granite neither grand nor imposing: This token of the affection and consideration of the people of France assures us that in our efforts to command to mankind a government resting upon popular will, we still have beyond the American continent a steadfast ally, while it also demonstrates the kinship of the republic. At that point, the historical record notes that there were loud cheers, not least those wondering who wrote that stuff. But Cleveland got a bit more colorful in his next salvo: We are not here today to bow before the representative of a fierce and warlike god, filled with wrath and vengeance, but instead, we contemplate our own peaceful deity keeping watch before the open gates of America. Well, the battleship Tennessees warlike batteries, which had just boomed, notwithstanding. Instead of grasping in her hands the thunderbolts of terror and of death, she holds aloft the light that illumines the way to mans enfranchisement. More cheers. Libertys light, he concluded, shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and mens oppression until liberty shall enlighten the world. Egypt Forgotten Of Egypts inspiration in all this, not a word. The majority of the hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the Middle East, Egyptians among them, would never know the statues genesis, only their own. And their own, to this day (even though theyve long ago stopped sailing into New York Harbor as immigrants), remains one mired in the authoritarian, unfree grasp of regimes from the Hindu Kush to West and North Africa that have yet to see the light Cleveland spoke of, and Bartholdi imagined. One last irony: Bedloes Island was not officially renamed until many years later when it became Liberty Island. The year? 1956. Gamal Abdel Nasser must have smiled.

Harmonious Family Relationships Between Parent and Child Essay - 1

Harmonious Family Relationships Between Parent and Child - Essay Example To recover damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) the defendant acted intentionally or recklessly; (2) the conduct was extreme and outrageous; (3) the actions of the defendant caused the plaintiff emotional distress; and (4) the resulting emotional distress was severe. A Claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress cannot be maintained when the risk that emotional distress will result is merely incidental to the commission of some other tort; accordingly, claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress will not lie if emotional distress is not the intended or primary consequence of the defendant's conduct. Id. The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress simply has no application when the actor intends to invade some other legally protected interest, even if emotional distress results. Restatement (Second) of Torts,  § 46. Actionable nuisance is divided into three classifications: negligent invasion of another's interests, intentional invasion of another's interests, and other conduct, culpable because abnormal and out of place in its surroundings, that invades another's interests. Personal integrity and includes not only physical invasion of a person's property but also eavesdropping upon private conversations by wiretapping, microphones or spying into windows of a home. Section 822, Restatement, Torts (1939), reads: â€Å"The actor is liable in an action for damages for a non-trespassory invasion of another's interest in the private use and enjoyment of land if, (a) the other has property rights and privileges in respect to the use or enjoyment interfered with.

Pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Pathophysiology - Essay Example In regard to presentation as per the specifications of DSM-5, bipolar disorder patients exhibit manic and depressive episodes. They experience high and low variations in behavior, energy and mood. In manic episodes, certain symptoms must be presented. They include restlessness, excitement, and lack sleep for days, racing ideas filled with new concepts of their life goals, full of thoughts and talk excessively. In depressive episodes, certain symptoms must be presented. They include low self-esteem, easily annoyed and bad-tempered and are mostly engaged in arguments and fights, lack of concentration, lack of achievement of objectives, depressed mood, fatigue, and insomnia (Peacock, 2000). In regard to presentation as per the specifications of DSM-5, panic disorder patients are expected to exhibit unexpected panic attacks as they are always suffering from immoderate worries which are uncontrollable. Moreover, patients suffering from this disease center their attention on financial issu es, absence of confidence, relationships, and hopeless future (Heimberg, Turk & Mennin, 2004). Neither substance abuse nor medical conditions are contributing factors to anxiety

Women in mathematics,Science,and Engineering Essay

Women in mathematics,Science,and Engineering - Essay Example In this paper, the status and role of women in math, science, and engineering in Canada will be reviewed in order to determine how successful one of the most developed of such societies has been in its efforts. Canada was chosen as a focus for study because there is sufficient evidence in that nation’s research literature to make good comparisons between women’s standing and men’s standing in the relevant career fields. The paper will review the professional opportunities and challenges that women face in math, science, and engineering, as well as the political, economic, and social issues that impact on the role women play. The resource that will be used to review the relevant data will be a comprehensive report titled Women in Science and Engineering in Canada, produced by the Corporate Planning and Policy Directorate (CPPC) of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Following the review of the information, a conclusion and recommendati ons will be offered regarding how successful Canada has been in promoting participation among women and what the nation can do to improve in its efforts. The CPPC indicates that only 3% of women in Canada have careers in the technological fields including sciences and engineering, while 10.5% of men have such careers (p. 29). Further, the workforce in those fields was made up, in 2004, of only 22% women, despite the fact that women hold approximately 40% of the Bachelor’s degrees given in appropriate fields of study (p. 30-31). Women have equal to higher unemployment rates than men, despite the fact that their overall numbers are less than a third of men’s within the relevant fields (p. 31). They are less likely to hold management positions, even among groups with similar levels of degree attainment (p. 32). In private and corporate enterprise research and development careers, their numbers of participation range from lows of less than 20% to highs of 25% regardless of degree levels achieved (p. 41). In the government research and development sector, where great efforts have been made to increase participation in the last three decades, women’s overall rates of participation have increased from 3% of the workforce in 1980, but they still stand at just 20% by 2009 (p. 42). Even in the public world of the higher academies, where the CPPC notes that â€Å"employment equity programs† have resulted in women’s participation rates growing at levels up to five times higher than that of men in recent decades, the highest level of women making up any particular discipline’s overall numbers of full professorships or associate professorships is less than one third. Most fields show that women hold less than 20% of such positions (p. 37). These figures hold across all age groups and degree groups, indicating that lower participation rates among women are a system-wide problem (p. 39). The CPPC summarizes that for the academies part icularly â€Å"the hiring statistics present a rather slow and steady improvement for women. There has been progress over the last decade according to the data†¦ but gender equality remains a distant possibility† (p. 39). Overall rates, including both public and private career groups, support these conclusions. The employment facts for women in math, science and engineering in both the public and private sectors, as shown in these and other figures, indicates that women are underrepresented. The CPPC considered a number of possible reasons why this occurs. One

Effective business communication

Effective business communication Introduction Although there is no universal definition of change, it has been explained in the terms of guises, transformation, metamorphosis, evolution, regeneration (Hughes 2006). Any alternations in the people, structure, or technology of an organization. It is constant yet it varies in degree and directions. It creates threats and opportunities for organizations. Change in the organisation take place for many reasons. It is sometime done in order to have new ways of doing work or organizing work. Noteworthy changes in the organization occur such as when organization wishes to change its strategy on the whole for success, the organization want to change the nature of its operations. The forces of change come through change in organizational strategy, work force, new equipment, employee attitudes, marketplace, government laws, technology, labour market and economical situations. Steps involved in change An organisations culture can be affected by a number of reasons which has been as under; The environment in which the organisation operates. The beliefs, values and norms of the employees within the organization, particularly those communicated by top management. The organisations size, history, ownership and technology also results in change within the organisation. Other factors includes trade unions, media and lifestyle of the people UnFreezing This is the first step that involves disturbing the equilibrium state of the prevailing status quo. This can be done by encouraging the individuals that they should adopt new behaviours and discard the old one (Burnes 2004). Moving According to an article published in the journal by (Burnes 2004), the step or block aims at shifting the behaviours of the individuals as well as the departments where the change is supposed to take place. The moving step aims to develop new behaviours and attitudes of the individuals. Refreezing This step called refreezing the change intended becomes permanent. The new way of organization is established according to (Burnes 2004) through new attitudes and behaviours. While considering the type of changes steps involved in the change is mention below The start of change process involves translating the need of change into a desire of change. The change may start with the formal announcement or it may be less explicit, but in some point it typically involves a review or project. A manager should diagnosis present state identify preferred future state for a better communication .The reviewing of present state help to identify the future challenges. Need/reasons for change In order to survive and prosper in competitive and changing environment, organisations also need to change. This may be brought about many influencing factors which may be internally within the organisation or in external environmental. Internal forces for change arise from internal activities and decisions. If top managers select a goal of rapid company growth, internal actions will have to be made to meet that growth. New department and technologies will be created so organisation will change according to that. What is Communication? Communication is the process of transfer of information. Communication means ways of sharing ideas, news, views, methods and techniques. Communication must involve two parties .It is vital part of almost every job. All companies and organisations demand it. Internal communication system The communication which takes place within the boundaries of the organisation is known as internal communication. (R Blundel k Ippolito 2007). Effective communication is an essential part of smoothly running business organisation. Communication involves the transmission of information from a source (or a number of sources) to receivers. The information is communicated in the form of a message(The times100 2009 1). For example a customer may request a new part from a supplier, with information on how to use that part in a piece of equipment. The supplier will then communicate with the customer setting out instructions for using the part, as well as sending a delivery note, invoice, and further sales literature. Increasingly these interaction will be carried out by electronic media such as through a sales website, e-mail communications and other means. Communication within the organizations is dynamic, two way(transactional) process can be broken into six phases The sender has an idea and want to share it. When sender put the idea in the form of message it means sender encodes it so that receiver can understand easily. Then sender transmits the message through a proper communication channel(spoken or written) and a medium(telephone, letters, email, report or face to face). For communication to occur, the must first get the message. After the transmission of message from the sender receiver gets the message which involves the understanding of message by receiver. Then the receiver decodes the message. The decoded message must be stored in the receivers mind. The receiver sends feedback after decoding the message from the sender, the receiver may respond the some way and signal that to sender. This internal communication process can be shown with the help of the diagram As the above fig shows that the communication process is repeated until both parties finish expressing themselves. Moreover effective internal communication try not to cram too much information into one message. The effectiveness of communications depends on: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryworking-together-business-communications388.php The clarity of the message. The quality of the medium used to transmit the message. The medium is the means of communicating e.g e-mail, telephone, letter, etc. Any distracting noise that prevent the message from effectively getting through. For example, if the recipient receives lots of email messages, they may fail to give proper attention to the senders message. The ability of the receiver to decode the message. For example, they may not be able to understand the instructions given. Supports of communication Verbal communication It is the spoken, oral, and unwritten way of communicating(Personal growth 2009 1). Non verbal communication Transmission of messages by a medium other than speech or writing(Business dictionary 2009 2).There are so many supports that can be taken for effective internal communication which mainly include Electronic mail This has rapidly become the most common form of written communication within the organization. It is the most easy and quick way of communication within the organization. Company websites A companys website will typically involve a portal or a section dedicated to internal communication with and between employees. Company databases In most of the large organisations including banks like Barclays employees will be able to access a number of company databases to communicate internally. Meeting Meetings is the also the most effective support to communicate effectively within the organizations. It can be formal or informal. In manufacturing companies like toyata teams of employees regurlarly meet to discuss issues like quality. Phone communication Phone communications are another important form of oral communication with most large companies having a lowcost internal telephone system. Internal memos, Voice mail, instant messaging, Faxing http://www.about-personal-growth.com/verbal-communication.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/non-verbal-communication.html An internal memo can be send by email to communicate with the employees within the organisation. Staff magazine, reports, notices and posters on staff boards provide other means of internal communication. Voice mails, instant messaging and faxing are also be used as supports for communication Impact of change on communication The change plays a vital role on the communication process. Communication calls change and change calls challenges like competition, globalization and technology. During the change process if communication goes wrong it can create huge impact on the organizations future. The impact of change can be positive or negative. Change can be of any type for example organization changing its policies or organization introduces new technology within the organization .There should be a proper communication as a result of any kind of change through a proper channel and support. In times of change, employee communication is vital to successful organizations. Let suppose if an organization want to change their technology then they should communicate and inform their employees so that they understand the change and adopt that change by the help of proper communication. Wrong communication like solider died in afghan calling wrong name, in place of doing right hand side operation doing left hand sid e can results in serious problems. Handle of communication at each level Communication among the employees of the organization is a essential for effective function. Organizational decisions are usually made at top and flow down to the people who carry them out. From top to bottom each person should understand, apply and pass it. For each and every level of organizational change top managers, middle managers and first line managers should co-ordinate whole work efficiently and effectively with the other employees. Top management should act as planner, leader, communicator and organizer. The lower level employees can help top level management by giving accurate, timely reports on problems, emerging trends, opportunities for improvement and performance. The formal communication network within the organization is shown below Obstacle or Barrier in the context of change No matter how good the communication system in an organisation is, unfortunately barriers or obstacles can and do often occur. This may be caused by a number of factors which can usually be summarised as being due to physical barriers, system design faults or additional barriers. Language Barrier Different languages, vocabulary, accent represents regional barriers. Words having similar pronunciation but multiple meanings. The use of difficult words poorly explained or misunderstood messages can result as a communication obstacle(E z articles 2009 1). Cultural Barrier Age, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural background, religion, political belief, ethics, values, assumptions, aspirations, rules or regulations, standards, priorities can separate one person from another and create a communication obstacle. Individual Barrier It may be a result of an individuals perceptual and personal discomfort. Even when two persons have experienced the same event their mental perception may/may not be identical which acts as a barrier. Style, selective perception, halo effect, poor attention and close mindedness, insufficient filtration are the Individual or Psychological barrier. Organizational Barrier It includes Poor Organizations culture, climate, regulations, status, relationship, complexity, inadequate facilities, opportunities of growth and improvement. whereas, the nature of the internal and external environment like large working areas physically separated from others, poor lightening, staff shortage, outdated equipments and background noise are Physical Organizational Barrier. Interpersonal Barrier Barriers from Employers includes lack of Trust in employees, lack of Knowledge of non-verbal clues like facial expression, body language, gestures, postures, eye contact; different experiences, shortage of time for employees, no consideration for employee needs, wish to capture authority. While Barriers from Employees includes Lack of Motivation, lack of co-operation, trust, fear of penalty and poor relationship with the employer (Know 2009 2). Channel Barrier If the length of the communication is long, or the medium selected is inappropriate, the communication might break up; it can also be a result of the inter-personal conflicts between 1-http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communicationid=121001 2-http://www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/promotion-decisions/obstacles-to-effective-communication/ the sender and receiver; lack of interest to communicate; information sharing or access problems which can hamper the channel and affect the clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of communication. Dealing with an international team When we communicate with the people of our own culture we can communicate effectively. But if we are working in an international organization we have to communicate with the employees from different background and nationalities so there will be lots of challegenes that can be met while communicating with the international team which are mentioned below Cultural Challenges Culture strongly affects communication and a big challenge while dealing with the international team. For example when we want to communicate we encode message using the assumption of our own culture while the receiver will decodes the message using assumptions of his/her own culture so meaning may be misunderstood. The greater the difference in culture greater is the chance of misunderstanding. The other type of cultural differences are Contextual differences From culture to culture people convey contextual meaning differently. In high context culture people such as south Korea Taiwan rely on more on the non verbal actions and environmental setting to convey their message. In low context culture people like united states and Germany rely more on verbal communication. Contextual differences affect the way cultures approach situations such as decisions making, problem solving and negotiating. Legal and ethical differences Legal and ethical behaviour is also influenced by cultural context. For example, people from the low context culture value the written word, they consider written agreements and tend to adhere to laws strictly. But the high context people less emphasis on the written words. Social differences In any culture rules may be formal or informal. Formal rules are specifically taught dos and donts of how to behave in a common social situations. Informal rules deals with how males and females are supposed to behave. In some countries like india, Pakistan and Bangladesh women are not taken seriously as business people. But in the western countries women treated equally in business places. Culture also tell how people show respect and signify rank. For example in united states people respect top managers as Mr Bush or Mr Andrew but in countries like china show respect by using official title like President or Managers. Non verbal differences Non verbal difference is also another type of cultural challenge while dealing with the international team. People in Canada and united state usually take five feet gap during business conversation as compared to the people in countries like Arab, Germany and Japan feel uncomfortable while keeping this distance. Recommendations Managers act like a pillars for any organization. As mention above that the change in any organization can create threats and opportunities for the organization. Managers should plan a proper strategy of communication in the context of change. The strategy should include; Considering the likely effects of change and and planning for it well in advance. Adapting a flexible, democratic management style even though this may be within a formal organisational structure, in order to create a climate where change is easier to achieve. Motivate employees by understanding nature and perception. Tell their employees reasons and the benefits of change after the change process. Recognization of cultural variation in communication style. Manage disputes at each level. Manage problems of each employee like stress, depression, relationship, personal issues and differences. Identify clearer gaols and targets so That every ones knows what is to achieve and time scale involved. Training and retraining and new work. Monitor and review progress to regularly access progress towards goals and identify and overcome any difficulties. Manager should act like a communicator, planner, leader, motivator and controller. Bibliography Adler, R.B (2006) Communicating at Work, (8th Edition) McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages Hughes M(2006) Change management A critical perspective. Chartered institute of personal and development. ISBN 1-84398-070-3 References Bernard Burnes Managing change 4th Edition prentice hall Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewins and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal. Journal of Management Studies. Vol.41, No.6 Higgs, M. Rowland, D. (2005). Exploring Approaches to Change and its Leadership. Journal of Change Management. Vol.5, No.2. John V Thill and Courtland Bovee (2002). Excellence in Business communication 8th Edition Pearson International Edition. John Hayes (2006). The theory and practise of change Management. 6th Edition London :Prentice Hall p233. Richard R L Daft (2005) Management 6th edition. R Blundel K Ippolito (2007) Effective business communication 2nd Edition Prentice Hall p13. Barriers to communication(2008). 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The Definition of Independence :: Definition Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some people say that the definition of independence is a complex word and idea to try to define. In al truth independence is a perplexing word to try to define. This is because everybody has their own speculations of what independence is. Very infrequently are their two people that have the same perception of what the definition of independence is. What I perceive the definition of independence is the absolute freedom to do what you want, and to not be held back by any rules or laws of government or man, but by the rules and laws of nature and your own self concise. My view of independence may greatly differ form your beliefs on the definition but in this paper I will try to show exactly what my perspective on the definition of independence is by my experiences, my beliefs, my thoughts, and research on the subject at hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my beliefs independence can not be the definition of what your government says is independent. For if you go by what the government says is independent than why not go by Chinas definition of independence, or by the communists party’s definition of independence. If you go by any governments definition of independence than you are not truly going to be independent. For each governments definition of independence you are not truly independent. In my belief to be truly independent you must be able to do what you want when you want and have nobody to say that you cant do that. If the government is telling you that you can do this and not do that then how can you have independence. The only true way to have independence is to make decisions based on you and not based on what society thinks. How can a person be truly independent if they have to do what other people think is the right thing to do? The answer to that question is that they can not be independent for independence is the ability to do what you want even if it is not what society thinks that it is not the right thing to do. These beliefs is one of my building blocks for my definition of independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my experience I have only had the feeling of true independence once or twice in my life. I felt this felling when I am by myself and nothing is around you but woods, waterfalls or complete silence.