Age discrimination in Employment

The Statue of Libertys Origins in Egypt

The Statue of Liberty's Origins in Egypt No, Miss Liberty of Statue-of-Liberty fame wasnt always imagined as the scowling, linebacker-throated Midwestern matron of steely spiky Germanic stock that she is today. She was supposed to look like an Arab peasant, robed in the folds of Muslim precepts. She wasnt even supposed to be eternally standing at the entrance of New York Harbor, warning new arrivals to the New World about New Jersey to her right. Thats all schoolbook revisionism designed not to traumatize young American pupils with the reality behind Liberty: that she was supposed to be the welcome maam at the entrance of the Suez Canal in Egypt, that her name was supposed to be either Egypt or Progress, and that the flame she was brandishing was to symbolize the light she was bringing to Asia, which had claims to newness all its own. Lighting the Way to Asia All this from the imaginative scruffles of Frà ©dà ©ric Auguste Bartholdi, the Alsatian-French sculptor whod fallen in love with his own Orientalist fantasies about the Middle East after a trip to Egypts Luxor spreads in 1855. He liked Egypts colossal sculptures, those granite beings of imperturbable majesty with their eyes seemingly fixed on the limitless future. He liked just as much the then-fashionable notions of Europeans thinking themselves the Orients the best thing since unsliced baklava. Bartholdi returned to Egypt in 1869 with the blueprints for a toga-draped giant of a woman whod double-up as a lighthouse at the entrance of the Suez Canal, which opened that year to fanfare and (British and French) stockholders delight. The Suez Canal may have been in Egypt. But Egypt wasnt reaping its monetary benefits. The American Civil War had done wonders for Egyptian wealth thanks to the blockade of Southern cotton, which turned Egyptian cotton into gold. But the price of cotton crashed after the Civil War and so did Egypts economy. Suez revenue could have picked up the slack. Instead, it went into the pockets of European investors (until Egypts Gama Abdel Nasser nationalized the waterway in 1956, to the disingenuous fury of France and Britain). From Lady Egypt to Lady Liberty As Bartholdi was sketching one likeness of his great statue after another, it became apparent that his plan would never get Egypts financing. Bartholdi was crushed. He sailed to New York. And there, as his ship was entering New York Harbor, he saw Bedloes Island, deserted, oval-shaped, perfectly positioned to bear his creation. She wouldnt be Egypt. But shed still be Bartholds. He worked out an arrangement with Gustav Eiffel to build the statue in 350 pieces in Paris, for the French government to pay for the statue (that was back when French and Americans had more respect than reproach for each other), and with American donors to pay for the 89-foot pedestal. Bartholdis goal was to have the dedication coincide with the centennial of the American Revolution, somewhere around July 4, 1876. It happened a bit later, on Oct. 28, 1886, with a military, naval and civic parade in Manhattan, ending at the Battery at the tip of the island, with Gen. Charles P. Stone, who as the statues American engineer, was essentially its midwife, was the parades grand marshal. She was no longer an Egyptian woman. She was Liberty Enlightening the World. New York Inaugurates Liberty The weather did not cooperate. The rain was so bad that a New York Times editorial called it almost a national misfortune that robbed the pageant of much of its effect. Not that U.S. President Grover Cleveland was going to miss a chance to make himself slightly immortal by association with Lady Liberty as he accepted this grand and imposing work of art, though in words of granite neither grand nor imposing: This token of the affection and consideration of the people of France assures us that in our efforts to command to mankind a government resting upon popular will, we still have beyond the American continent a steadfast ally, while it also demonstrates the kinship of the republic. At that point, the historical record notes that there were loud cheers, not least those wondering who wrote that stuff. But Cleveland got a bit more colorful in his next salvo: We are not here today to bow before the representative of a fierce and warlike god, filled with wrath and vengeance, but instead, we contemplate our own peaceful deity keeping watch before the open gates of America. Well, the battleship Tennessees warlike batteries, which had just boomed, notwithstanding. Instead of grasping in her hands the thunderbolts of terror and of death, she holds aloft the light that illumines the way to mans enfranchisement. More cheers. Libertys light, he concluded, shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and mens oppression until liberty shall enlighten the world. Egypt Forgotten Of Egypts inspiration in all this, not a word. The majority of the hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the Middle East, Egyptians among them, would never know the statues genesis, only their own. And their own, to this day (even though theyve long ago stopped sailing into New York Harbor as immigrants), remains one mired in the authoritarian, unfree grasp of regimes from the Hindu Kush to West and North Africa that have yet to see the light Cleveland spoke of, and Bartholdi imagined. One last irony: Bedloes Island was not officially renamed until many years later when it became Liberty Island. The year? 1956. Gamal Abdel Nasser must have smiled.

Harmonious Family Relationships Between Parent and Child Essay - 1

Harmonious Family Relationships Between Parent and Child - Essay Example To recover damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) the defendant acted intentionally or recklessly; (2) the conduct was extreme and outrageous; (3) the actions of the defendant caused the plaintiff emotional distress; and (4) the resulting emotional distress was severe. A Claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress cannot be maintained when the risk that emotional distress will result is merely incidental to the commission of some other tort; accordingly, claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress will not lie if emotional distress is not the intended or primary consequence of the defendant's conduct. Id. The tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress simply has no application when the actor intends to invade some other legally protected interest, even if emotional distress results. Restatement (Second) of Torts,  § 46. Actionable nuisance is divided into three classifications: negligent invasion of another's interests, intentional invasion of another's interests, and other conduct, culpable because abnormal and out of place in its surroundings, that invades another's interests. Personal integrity and includes not only physical invasion of a person's property but also eavesdropping upon private conversations by wiretapping, microphones or spying into windows of a home. Section 822, Restatement, Torts (1939), reads: â€Å"The actor is liable in an action for damages for a non-trespassory invasion of another's interest in the private use and enjoyment of land if, (a) the other has property rights and privileges in respect to the use or enjoyment interfered with.

Pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Pathophysiology - Essay Example In regard to presentation as per the specifications of DSM-5, bipolar disorder patients exhibit manic and depressive episodes. They experience high and low variations in behavior, energy and mood. In manic episodes, certain symptoms must be presented. They include restlessness, excitement, and lack sleep for days, racing ideas filled with new concepts of their life goals, full of thoughts and talk excessively. In depressive episodes, certain symptoms must be presented. They include low self-esteem, easily annoyed and bad-tempered and are mostly engaged in arguments and fights, lack of concentration, lack of achievement of objectives, depressed mood, fatigue, and insomnia (Peacock, 2000). In regard to presentation as per the specifications of DSM-5, panic disorder patients are expected to exhibit unexpected panic attacks as they are always suffering from immoderate worries which are uncontrollable. Moreover, patients suffering from this disease center their attention on financial issu es, absence of confidence, relationships, and hopeless future (Heimberg, Turk & Mennin, 2004). Neither substance abuse nor medical conditions are contributing factors to anxiety

Women in mathematics,Science,and Engineering Essay

Women in mathematics,Science,and Engineering - Essay Example In this paper, the status and role of women in math, science, and engineering in Canada will be reviewed in order to determine how successful one of the most developed of such societies has been in its efforts. Canada was chosen as a focus for study because there is sufficient evidence in that nation’s research literature to make good comparisons between women’s standing and men’s standing in the relevant career fields. The paper will review the professional opportunities and challenges that women face in math, science, and engineering, as well as the political, economic, and social issues that impact on the role women play. The resource that will be used to review the relevant data will be a comprehensive report titled Women in Science and Engineering in Canada, produced by the Corporate Planning and Policy Directorate (CPPC) of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Following the review of the information, a conclusion and recommendati ons will be offered regarding how successful Canada has been in promoting participation among women and what the nation can do to improve in its efforts. The CPPC indicates that only 3% of women in Canada have careers in the technological fields including sciences and engineering, while 10.5% of men have such careers (p. 29). Further, the workforce in those fields was made up, in 2004, of only 22% women, despite the fact that women hold approximately 40% of the Bachelor’s degrees given in appropriate fields of study (p. 30-31). Women have equal to higher unemployment rates than men, despite the fact that their overall numbers are less than a third of men’s within the relevant fields (p. 31). They are less likely to hold management positions, even among groups with similar levels of degree attainment (p. 32). In private and corporate enterprise research and development careers, their numbers of participation range from lows of less than 20% to highs of 25% regardless of degree levels achieved (p. 41). In the government research and development sector, where great efforts have been made to increase participation in the last three decades, women’s overall rates of participation have increased from 3% of the workforce in 1980, but they still stand at just 20% by 2009 (p. 42). Even in the public world of the higher academies, where the CPPC notes that â€Å"employment equity programs† have resulted in women’s participation rates growing at levels up to five times higher than that of men in recent decades, the highest level of women making up any particular discipline’s overall numbers of full professorships or associate professorships is less than one third. Most fields show that women hold less than 20% of such positions (p. 37). These figures hold across all age groups and degree groups, indicating that lower participation rates among women are a system-wide problem (p. 39). The CPPC summarizes that for the academies part icularly â€Å"the hiring statistics present a rather slow and steady improvement for women. There has been progress over the last decade according to the data†¦ but gender equality remains a distant possibility† (p. 39). Overall rates, including both public and private career groups, support these conclusions. The employment facts for women in math, science and engineering in both the public and private sectors, as shown in these and other figures, indicates that women are underrepresented. The CPPC considered a number of possible reasons why this occurs. One

Effective business communication

Effective business communication Introduction Although there is no universal definition of change, it has been explained in the terms of guises, transformation, metamorphosis, evolution, regeneration (Hughes 2006). Any alternations in the people, structure, or technology of an organization. It is constant yet it varies in degree and directions. It creates threats and opportunities for organizations. Change in the organisation take place for many reasons. It is sometime done in order to have new ways of doing work or organizing work. Noteworthy changes in the organization occur such as when organization wishes to change its strategy on the whole for success, the organization want to change the nature of its operations. The forces of change come through change in organizational strategy, work force, new equipment, employee attitudes, marketplace, government laws, technology, labour market and economical situations. Steps involved in change An organisations culture can be affected by a number of reasons which has been as under; The environment in which the organisation operates. The beliefs, values and norms of the employees within the organization, particularly those communicated by top management. The organisations size, history, ownership and technology also results in change within the organisation. Other factors includes trade unions, media and lifestyle of the people UnFreezing This is the first step that involves disturbing the equilibrium state of the prevailing status quo. This can be done by encouraging the individuals that they should adopt new behaviours and discard the old one (Burnes 2004). Moving According to an article published in the journal by (Burnes 2004), the step or block aims at shifting the behaviours of the individuals as well as the departments where the change is supposed to take place. The moving step aims to develop new behaviours and attitudes of the individuals. Refreezing This step called refreezing the change intended becomes permanent. The new way of organization is established according to (Burnes 2004) through new attitudes and behaviours. While considering the type of changes steps involved in the change is mention below The start of change process involves translating the need of change into a desire of change. The change may start with the formal announcement or it may be less explicit, but in some point it typically involves a review or project. A manager should diagnosis present state identify preferred future state for a better communication .The reviewing of present state help to identify the future challenges. Need/reasons for change In order to survive and prosper in competitive and changing environment, organisations also need to change. This may be brought about many influencing factors which may be internally within the organisation or in external environmental. Internal forces for change arise from internal activities and decisions. If top managers select a goal of rapid company growth, internal actions will have to be made to meet that growth. New department and technologies will be created so organisation will change according to that. What is Communication? Communication is the process of transfer of information. Communication means ways of sharing ideas, news, views, methods and techniques. Communication must involve two parties .It is vital part of almost every job. All companies and organisations demand it. Internal communication system The communication which takes place within the boundaries of the organisation is known as internal communication. (R Blundel k Ippolito 2007). Effective communication is an essential part of smoothly running business organisation. Communication involves the transmission of information from a source (or a number of sources) to receivers. The information is communicated in the form of a message(The times100 2009 1). For example a customer may request a new part from a supplier, with information on how to use that part in a piece of equipment. The supplier will then communicate with the customer setting out instructions for using the part, as well as sending a delivery note, invoice, and further sales literature. Increasingly these interaction will be carried out by electronic media such as through a sales website, e-mail communications and other means. Communication within the organizations is dynamic, two way(transactional) process can be broken into six phases The sender has an idea and want to share it. When sender put the idea in the form of message it means sender encodes it so that receiver can understand easily. Then sender transmits the message through a proper communication channel(spoken or written) and a medium(telephone, letters, email, report or face to face). For communication to occur, the must first get the message. After the transmission of message from the sender receiver gets the message which involves the understanding of message by receiver. Then the receiver decodes the message. The decoded message must be stored in the receivers mind. The receiver sends feedback after decoding the message from the sender, the receiver may respond the some way and signal that to sender. This internal communication process can be shown with the help of the diagram As the above fig shows that the communication process is repeated until both parties finish expressing themselves. Moreover effective internal communication try not to cram too much information into one message. The effectiveness of communications depends on: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryworking-together-business-communications388.php The clarity of the message. The quality of the medium used to transmit the message. The medium is the means of communicating e.g e-mail, telephone, letter, etc. Any distracting noise that prevent the message from effectively getting through. For example, if the recipient receives lots of email messages, they may fail to give proper attention to the senders message. The ability of the receiver to decode the message. For example, they may not be able to understand the instructions given. Supports of communication Verbal communication It is the spoken, oral, and unwritten way of communicating(Personal growth 2009 1). Non verbal communication Transmission of messages by a medium other than speech or writing(Business dictionary 2009 2).There are so many supports that can be taken for effective internal communication which mainly include Electronic mail This has rapidly become the most common form of written communication within the organization. It is the most easy and quick way of communication within the organization. Company websites A companys website will typically involve a portal or a section dedicated to internal communication with and between employees. Company databases In most of the large organisations including banks like Barclays employees will be able to access a number of company databases to communicate internally. Meeting Meetings is the also the most effective support to communicate effectively within the organizations. It can be formal or informal. In manufacturing companies like toyata teams of employees regurlarly meet to discuss issues like quality. Phone communication Phone communications are another important form of oral communication with most large companies having a lowcost internal telephone system. Internal memos, Voice mail, instant messaging, Faxing http://www.about-personal-growth.com/verbal-communication.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/non-verbal-communication.html An internal memo can be send by email to communicate with the employees within the organisation. Staff magazine, reports, notices and posters on staff boards provide other means of internal communication. Voice mails, instant messaging and faxing are also be used as supports for communication Impact of change on communication The change plays a vital role on the communication process. Communication calls change and change calls challenges like competition, globalization and technology. During the change process if communication goes wrong it can create huge impact on the organizations future. The impact of change can be positive or negative. Change can be of any type for example organization changing its policies or organization introduces new technology within the organization .There should be a proper communication as a result of any kind of change through a proper channel and support. In times of change, employee communication is vital to successful organizations. Let suppose if an organization want to change their technology then they should communicate and inform their employees so that they understand the change and adopt that change by the help of proper communication. Wrong communication like solider died in afghan calling wrong name, in place of doing right hand side operation doing left hand sid e can results in serious problems. Handle of communication at each level Communication among the employees of the organization is a essential for effective function. Organizational decisions are usually made at top and flow down to the people who carry them out. From top to bottom each person should understand, apply and pass it. For each and every level of organizational change top managers, middle managers and first line managers should co-ordinate whole work efficiently and effectively with the other employees. Top management should act as planner, leader, communicator and organizer. The lower level employees can help top level management by giving accurate, timely reports on problems, emerging trends, opportunities for improvement and performance. The formal communication network within the organization is shown below Obstacle or Barrier in the context of change No matter how good the communication system in an organisation is, unfortunately barriers or obstacles can and do often occur. This may be caused by a number of factors which can usually be summarised as being due to physical barriers, system design faults or additional barriers. Language Barrier Different languages, vocabulary, accent represents regional barriers. Words having similar pronunciation but multiple meanings. The use of difficult words poorly explained or misunderstood messages can result as a communication obstacle(E z articles 2009 1). Cultural Barrier Age, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural background, religion, political belief, ethics, values, assumptions, aspirations, rules or regulations, standards, priorities can separate one person from another and create a communication obstacle. Individual Barrier It may be a result of an individuals perceptual and personal discomfort. Even when two persons have experienced the same event their mental perception may/may not be identical which acts as a barrier. Style, selective perception, halo effect, poor attention and close mindedness, insufficient filtration are the Individual or Psychological barrier. Organizational Barrier It includes Poor Organizations culture, climate, regulations, status, relationship, complexity, inadequate facilities, opportunities of growth and improvement. whereas, the nature of the internal and external environment like large working areas physically separated from others, poor lightening, staff shortage, outdated equipments and background noise are Physical Organizational Barrier. Interpersonal Barrier Barriers from Employers includes lack of Trust in employees, lack of Knowledge of non-verbal clues like facial expression, body language, gestures, postures, eye contact; different experiences, shortage of time for employees, no consideration for employee needs, wish to capture authority. While Barriers from Employees includes Lack of Motivation, lack of co-operation, trust, fear of penalty and poor relationship with the employer (Know 2009 2). Channel Barrier If the length of the communication is long, or the medium selected is inappropriate, the communication might break up; it can also be a result of the inter-personal conflicts between 1-http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communicationid=121001 2-http://www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/promotion-decisions/obstacles-to-effective-communication/ the sender and receiver; lack of interest to communicate; information sharing or access problems which can hamper the channel and affect the clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of communication. Dealing with an international team When we communicate with the people of our own culture we can communicate effectively. But if we are working in an international organization we have to communicate with the employees from different background and nationalities so there will be lots of challegenes that can be met while communicating with the international team which are mentioned below Cultural Challenges Culture strongly affects communication and a big challenge while dealing with the international team. For example when we want to communicate we encode message using the assumption of our own culture while the receiver will decodes the message using assumptions of his/her own culture so meaning may be misunderstood. The greater the difference in culture greater is the chance of misunderstanding. The other type of cultural differences are Contextual differences From culture to culture people convey contextual meaning differently. In high context culture people such as south Korea Taiwan rely on more on the non verbal actions and environmental setting to convey their message. In low context culture people like united states and Germany rely more on verbal communication. Contextual differences affect the way cultures approach situations such as decisions making, problem solving and negotiating. Legal and ethical differences Legal and ethical behaviour is also influenced by cultural context. For example, people from the low context culture value the written word, they consider written agreements and tend to adhere to laws strictly. But the high context people less emphasis on the written words. Social differences In any culture rules may be formal or informal. Formal rules are specifically taught dos and donts of how to behave in a common social situations. Informal rules deals with how males and females are supposed to behave. In some countries like india, Pakistan and Bangladesh women are not taken seriously as business people. But in the western countries women treated equally in business places. Culture also tell how people show respect and signify rank. For example in united states people respect top managers as Mr Bush or Mr Andrew but in countries like china show respect by using official title like President or Managers. Non verbal differences Non verbal difference is also another type of cultural challenge while dealing with the international team. People in Canada and united state usually take five feet gap during business conversation as compared to the people in countries like Arab, Germany and Japan feel uncomfortable while keeping this distance. Recommendations Managers act like a pillars for any organization. As mention above that the change in any organization can create threats and opportunities for the organization. Managers should plan a proper strategy of communication in the context of change. The strategy should include; Considering the likely effects of change and and planning for it well in advance. Adapting a flexible, democratic management style even though this may be within a formal organisational structure, in order to create a climate where change is easier to achieve. Motivate employees by understanding nature and perception. Tell their employees reasons and the benefits of change after the change process. Recognization of cultural variation in communication style. Manage disputes at each level. Manage problems of each employee like stress, depression, relationship, personal issues and differences. Identify clearer gaols and targets so That every ones knows what is to achieve and time scale involved. Training and retraining and new work. Monitor and review progress to regularly access progress towards goals and identify and overcome any difficulties. Manager should act like a communicator, planner, leader, motivator and controller. Bibliography Adler, R.B (2006) Communicating at Work, (8th Edition) McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages Hughes M(2006) Change management A critical perspective. Chartered institute of personal and development. ISBN 1-84398-070-3 References Bernard Burnes Managing change 4th Edition prentice hall Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewins and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal. Journal of Management Studies. Vol.41, No.6 Higgs, M. Rowland, D. (2005). Exploring Approaches to Change and its Leadership. Journal of Change Management. Vol.5, No.2. John V Thill and Courtland Bovee (2002). Excellence in Business communication 8th Edition Pearson International Edition. John Hayes (2006). The theory and practise of change Management. 6th Edition London :Prentice Hall p233. Richard R L Daft (2005) Management 6th edition. R Blundel K Ippolito (2007) Effective business communication 2nd Edition Prentice Hall p13. Barriers to communication(2008). Available: http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communicationid=121001. Last accessed 14 Dec. (2008). Non Verbal Communication(2009).Available: businessdictionary.com. Last accessed 11 Dec. Obstacles to business communication (2009).Available:http://www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/promotion-decisions/obstacles-to-effective-communication/. Last accessed 12 Dec. Personal growth(2006).Available :http://www.about-personal-growth.com/verbal communication.html. Last accessed 10 Dec. Working Together To Business Communication(2008).. Available: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryworking-together-business-communications388.php. Last accessed 11 Dec.

The Definition of Independence :: Definition Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some people say that the definition of independence is a complex word and idea to try to define. In al truth independence is a perplexing word to try to define. This is because everybody has their own speculations of what independence is. Very infrequently are their two people that have the same perception of what the definition of independence is. What I perceive the definition of independence is the absolute freedom to do what you want, and to not be held back by any rules or laws of government or man, but by the rules and laws of nature and your own self concise. My view of independence may greatly differ form your beliefs on the definition but in this paper I will try to show exactly what my perspective on the definition of independence is by my experiences, my beliefs, my thoughts, and research on the subject at hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my beliefs independence can not be the definition of what your government says is independent. For if you go by what the government says is independent than why not go by Chinas definition of independence, or by the communists party’s definition of independence. If you go by any governments definition of independence than you are not truly going to be independent. For each governments definition of independence you are not truly independent. In my belief to be truly independent you must be able to do what you want when you want and have nobody to say that you cant do that. If the government is telling you that you can do this and not do that then how can you have independence. The only true way to have independence is to make decisions based on you and not based on what society thinks. How can a person be truly independent if they have to do what other people think is the right thing to do? The answer to that question is that they can not be independent for independence is the ability to do what you want even if it is not what society thinks that it is not the right thing to do. These beliefs is one of my building blocks for my definition of independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my experience I have only had the feeling of true independence once or twice in my life. I felt this felling when I am by myself and nothing is around you but woods, waterfalls or complete silence.