Career Development Theories for Women

Career Development Theories for Women Women’s career development is different from men’s for at least two reasons. Gender stereotypes can affect women to underestimate career possibilities, and childrearing responsibilities of motherhood can complicate her a woman’s balance of career and homemaking roles. Coogan and Chen (2007) think that Gottfredson’s theory of self-creation, circumscription, and compromise, and the social cognitive career theory, and Super’s life-span and life-space theories can be used to understand women’s psychological path of career decision making. Counselors can apply principles of these theories to assist career development of women (192-193). Gottfredson’s theoretical models (1981, 2002, 2005, as cited by Sharf, 2010) explain how childhood gender role beliefs involve individuals’ career choices. Children form self-concept through early childhood to adolescence. As early as lower years of elementary school, children think about their socia l selves and discard occupations that are incompatible with their sex roles. By the years of secondary school, these children also put value on social appraisals, and reject jobs which unfit their own social classes and family expectations. By the adolescence years, in consequence, they seek jobs within their gender roles, social classes, and family expectations (, 199-206). For example, an elementary school girl eliminates truck driver as a career option because this job does not match her gender role. Later, this girl also eliminates factory worker because this job does not match her family background. In consequence, she chooses nurse because this job matches her gender role, social class, and family approval (Sharf, 2010, 199-206). Social cognitive career theory also explains how gender stereotypes influence women’s career developments. Social cognitive career theory is was originated in by Bandura’s 1986 social cognitive theory(as cited by Sharf, 2010) and the cor e concept is self-efficacy, which is self-belief of abilities and capacities to accomplish something (specific page number needed here). (Don’t put all the rest of the dates as those are just each year after the first year Bandura updated or revised his publications.) Cultural and gender role expectations within one’s contextual, as well as immediate environment, such as availability of role models, counselors or financial support etc., affects his/her level of self-efficacy and career goal setting (as cited in Sharf, 2010, 393-398). As this is more of a 2nd hand citation, you need to clearly show it as such. And, 393 to 398 is too great a page spread. You need a more specific page number(s). Women with low self-efficacy for the world of work are known as to seek traditionally female dominated jobs, and limit possibilities of job satisfactions and earn high salary (Coogan and Hackett & Betz, 1981, as cited by Sharf, 2010) emphasizes importance of immediate environment . Counselors can influence women clients to enhance their level of self-efficacy on the field of nontraditional female occupations, and subjects of math and science by teaching them that fears of these areas are only socialized gender stereotypes (401). Encouragement is influential for shaping one’s self-efficacy and career goal setting. Whitmarsh, et al. (2007) compared two groups of women. One group was consisted from professors, physicians, and attorneys. These occupations are traditionally dominated by men but getting explored by women. Another group is consisted from social workers and teachers. These occupations are traditionally dominated by women. Women with preceding group said that they received strong encouragements from not only their family members, but also educators and counselors to pursuit these careers, while women with the other group said that they received messages from family members that these careers are suitable for women (230, 233).

The relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Coursework

The relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth - Coursework Example In the modern business world, an entrepreneur can be defined by a number of definitions based on past empirical analytics & researches - an innovator, a leader, a manager, owner of an enterprise, coordinator of economic resources, resource manager, provider of capital, improvement of service levels, enhanced image of the economy on a global platter, and so on. But above all, fundamentally an entrepreneur is the person who has the guts to start and run a business as per the ideas generated by innovations. Entrepreneurs impact the local economies by increasing the diversity, invoking competition, creating jobs, managing social empowerment & practicing Change Agentry, increasing tax revenues, improving existing products & services, etc. and hence overall value adding to the economic performance, productivity and internationalization of the nation. A simple model of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth is presented in the figure below (Figure 1): Figure 1: A simple model showing relationship between Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Growth (Source: Gleave, Bill Dr. University of Essex. 2007) Entrepreneurs are expected to generate new ideas by virtue of innovations which may comprise of: 1 (a) Introduction of a new product (b) Introduction of a new technology (c) Introduction of a new methodology of production (d) Opening a new business potential & market in the region which has remained untouched largely (e) Discovery of a new source of supply of raw materials, support & services (f) Building a new organization system with innovative business model (g) Create new profit opportunities These opportunities lead to overall... An innovative entrepreneur is expected to possess high-risk appetite when starting a venture. Intelligent entrepreneurs clearly understand the correlation between risk & uncertainty which can be calculated by applying known probabilities and impacts. Knowing the dynamics, the entrepreneurs shall take calculated risks into account to bear the uncertainty of production & trade – the payoff is the profit earned by the entrepreneur which forms the primary motive anyway. A venture capitalist plays the role of trusting the risk appetite of an entrepreneur and funding him/her to help in transitioning the ideas into action thus forming good performing start-ups. A country having an effective framework of capitalists (Banks, Financial Institutions, Private lenders, etc.) ensures better development of entrepreneurship thus boosting the economic growth. This paper critically evaluates the correlation between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth and the corresponding factors prevalent in the region influencing this relationship both on the positive as well as negative sides. Also, this paper intends to look at what measures of entrepreneurship are being used and discover whether the measures are appropriate. 4 Bosma, Neils and Harding, Rebecca. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor – 2006 Summary Report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium (GERA). 2007. The subsequent section presents research question proposed herewith in order to establish a clear direction to the evaluation of literature and the corresponding data.

African American film genre analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African American film genre analysis - Essay Example Broken Blossoms depicts the villain oppressing the innocent, in this case, his daughter. Her only comfort is the company of a "yellow man" who gives her moments of happiness although they are not romantically involved. The idea of a romantic link between the two characters of Lucy and the yellow man would be too much for the 1919 audience to swallow. The movie was also the last of the films which carried integrationist messages. These relationships were depicted as abnormal, unacceptable and impulsive. An example is Spike Lee's Jungle Fever (1991) sets its premise upon the attraction generated by the sexual mythology of different races. The movie runs the typical storyline wherein the lovers Flipper and Angie were the heroes, and racial prejudice was the villain (Bogle 2002).Interracial relationships have been depicted in film for almost a century. These films may or may not reflect the true temper and sensibilities of the periods when they were filmed. Oftentimes, interracial relati onships in films toe the line on what is socially acceptable. Otherwise, society through channels as the press and government would raise objections, protests and even civil action against the filmmakers and their actors.Interracial relationships in film are considered generally as part of the melodrama genre. Oftentimes, it depicts the battle between good and evil. There is the presence of the protagonist who is repressed by a villain. Those who are innocent are freed from repression and those that are guilty are duly given punishment. Melodrama engages in the discussion of social taboos, among which is interracial relationships. Most of the time, the lovers of different races would conform to the dictates of the period when the film was made. Although interracial relationships become increasingly accepted in societies, it is still not allowed in some U.S. states, notwithstanding the legal approbation to such relationships. It may not also be culturally acceptable to some people or communities. Thus, interracial relationships still encounter varying degrees of objection from various sectors. Thus, a film conforming to the period's norms, would tend to seek conformity from its interracial characters, with the lovers separating. If there is no convenient angle to achieve this conformity to moreses, then the characters may be killed of. In a sense, this also is an application of conformity, with the death of the characters symbolizing punishment for their transgressions (Rhies 2000). The cultural ideology regarding interracial relationships has changed through time. The acceptability of this kind of relationship today is greater than it was three decades ago. Originally, interracial relationships were depicted negatively, emphasizing false perceptions or stereotypes. This was the case with Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) . It is through such negative depictions that the adverse attitude of societies towards interracial relationships is perpetuated (Hodes). III. Film Analysis Guess Who's dealt mainly with the controversy of interracial marriage. At the time the film was made, interracial marriage was still illegal in some U.S. states. The movie broke certain stereotypes. Jack Prentice's being a doctor living in Switzerland may have been deliberate so that he would be suitable for marriage to Joanna, and that his character's only objectionable feature would be his race. John's character, to go against the stereotype image of the African-American of the time, was also a graduate of a top school, became an innovator in African medicine, did not engage in premarital sex even

Individualist Essay -- essays research papers

In Defense of the Individualist Throughout history it has been the individualists, like Henry Ford and Rosa Parks, who have led nations, formed common groups, and made the greatest impact. However, people, such as the author, Michael Walzer, of â€Å"Multiculturalism and Individualism,† condemn the independent person as an unreliable â€Å"footloose† and â€Å"empty† creature (533). This denouncement of the socially unrestrained human is the fearful reaction to the power that these individuals can possesse. Nonetheless, strong individuals form the foundation of the world’s progress in technological and social fields because of their willingness to question and create.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individualists have always been more involved with technological advances than the communitarian. It has been the person, unhindered by other people’s opinion that has given the most creative and helpful of inventions. A brief look into history reveals names such as Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and, more recently, Bill Gates who have improved and contributed to the comfort of humanity. These individuals were often criticized for their self-interest work, but when the products of their imagination changed the lives of humans around the world the dissatisfied voices quieted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The communitarian’s accusations, that the individualist is a dangerous ungrounded individual who needs to conform to social norms, are actually the reasons for the importance of individualist’s influ...

Human factors in technology Essay

Man is the only being who has utilized technology, to the point that it also caused technology to change rapidly through time. Technology has been one of the most influential concepts in the lives of every human being throughout history. It was so influential that it had become one of the major deciding factors in the direction of history. Technological innovations had evolved from the simple to the very complex. From the simple stone cutting tools that prehistoric man had, to the contemporary blades that virtually do not need any resharpening at all. There had also been evolution from the very crude computing technique such as the finger counting, to the very complex supercomputers. In terms of transportation, from the very simple mode of walking and running, man had innovated transportation technology by inventing and innovating cars, planes, ships, etc. Technology had not only affected transportation and computing, but also the social and psychological scene as well. Companies whose general trade is information and technology are the ones whose organizational structure is very much affected by the technological changes. Most of the companies are either computer manufacturers or technological research companies. Apple Inc. , formerly known as Apple Computer, Inc. is an American-based multinational corporation which has its focus on technical manufacturing and designing of electronics and software programs for variations of consumers all around the world. It headquarters can be found in Cupertino, California (Apple, Inc. , 2007; History of Apple, 2007; Mesa, 1998; Apple. com, 2007). This company basically focuses on the development and support of several electronic gadgets for the market. This same company currently has its eyes focused on the innovation of already existing technologies, as well as the formation of a new breed of technology for the market. Some of its world-famous creations are the iPod, iPhone and the AppleTV. Aside from these electronic equipment and gadgets, the Apple, Inc. is also into the creation of new and better software programs. In the past, it had focused on creating and developing operating systems (OS), and specific application programs. Today, Apple, Inc. is now setting the path before it releases its newest operating system, the Mac OS X â€Å"Leopard†. Apple is very much into expanding its frontiers by exploring new ways of marketing and product presentation (Apple, Inc. , 2007; History of Apple, 2007; Mesa, 1998; Apple. com, 2007). It is now into the trend of having an online store where its products, whether hardware or software, can be bought by just a click of the mouse. The company is well-known for their very user-friendly hardware as well as software. Their iPod series, as well as their iPhone, Macintosh series of personal computers and peripherals, iLife software suite, and the Mac OS are just some of their best-known software and hardware products. Also, the company is a major supplier of prosumer software products for specialized purposes such as the audio and film industry (Apple, Inc. , 2007; History of Apple, 2007; Mesa, 1998; Apple. com, 2007). The mentioned things about Apple, Inc. , set up a background for the contemporary company. Technology has an implicit message, and that is to put everything into a very objective perspective, where everything could and should not be subject to an individual’s / group’s personal judgments or beliefs. By virtue of technology, man was able to do things such as measurement and judgment without having biases. With the use of technology, organizations can track their development without having doubts if the people who assessed them were biased about the evaluation process. But this strength is also its weak point. Being very objective would mean that the assessment would be very strict, and it would be guided by certain sets of quantified measurements such as numbers and / or a set of quantified codes. These standards for judgment and assessment can be used to evaluate employees’ activities, company sales and company economic standing. Having these strict standards would mean an easier, more efficient and more economic way of assessing the company. With these, companies such as the Apple could rely on machines about their company’s survival. Machines, which are products of modern technology, could be programmed to assess particular aspects of the company and suggest possible options about how to make the company even more productive. This may sound farfetched, but it could be a good way of looking at the possibility of how machines could help organizations in optimizing their parts. Business oriented companies such as the Apple is currently facing the possibilities of having less human members, and more help from the technology they are developing. These companies, with the help of modern technology, could be able to assess their employees using certain standards that can be input to a computer for further assessment. This way, there would be less processing time, less need for human HRD team members, less specialists in the field of assessing people, more possible members for the pool of computer and technology specialists (which could also mean more capital would be invested on the specialty of the company), and less expenses on the part of the company. Looking at the advantages posed by this method, it would be good to conclude that this could boost company income, thus uplift the lives of its employees in an economic and political sense. On the other hand, this method could also pose a very detrimental effect to the company as a whole, both in the macro and micro perspectives. One disadvantage of this method would be that without the subjective judgments of humans on human resources, it would be possible to miss important and potentially able applicants. Also, it would be possible that the programmed machines would not be able to look the implicit factors such as family background and the personality types of the applicants. Another is the fact that hardcore statistics, which programmed machines use, does not claim that the results are products of the interplay of all possible factors, instead it can only present results with the extraneous factors (which may possibly matter) omitted. References: Apple. com (2007).Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://www. asia. apple. com/. Apple, Inc. (2007). Wikipedia: The Fee Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Apple_Computer. History of Apple (2007). ). Wikipedia: The Fee Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc.. Mesa, A. (2007). Apple History Timeline. The Apple Museum. Retrieved August 9, 2007 from http://applemuseum. bott. org/sections/history. html.

On Living in a Cold Country by Hugh MacLennan Free Essay Example, 1000 words

To the said authors, affecting the Canadian literature was indeed a hard matter to consider. But still, both writers knew that pursuing their dreams of affecting people through writing would do them better than that of simply listening to what other people say. It is through this that Canada, amidst the environment that it has for writers had actually become one of the most important stepping-stones for both authors of the Canadian literature. As well said by many other writers, it is the challenge that real talent grows from bud to a wonderful fruit of fine beginnings. In his autobiography, McLennan began with the narration of his experience in talking with a writer while on a cruise ship. It is through this particular journey that his aim of becoming more than just a scholar grew and took hold of his life as he grew towards maturity. The words of the writer about his own experiences, his triumphs, and mistakes in his path towards becoming a writer actually served as a lesson learn ed on the part of McLennan. Certainly, it is through this particular thinking that the said classical writer was able to realize that he too could become the writer that he actually wants to be. We will write a custom essay sample on On Living in a Cold Country by Hugh MacLennan or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Understandably, it could be observed that her love for writing came gradually. Her realization of the talent that she has grown to fondness that she knew she should give way to. However, life McLennan, she too observed the challenging situation that she has to face as a Canadian writer who simply wants to make a fine contribution to her country and her countrymen.

The And The Bible - 1299 Words

Introduction For centuries predestination has been a meticulously discussed subject which causes many divides in opinion due to some verses in the Bible being potentially ambiguous or contradictory and it is therefore necessary to look at this ancient text as a whole in order to get an accurate understanding. Predestination is a significant topic as it brings into question the nature of the traditional Judeo-Christian God who has long been seen as omniscient (possessing universal and complete knowledge), omnibenevolent (infinitely good and all-loving), omnipotent (all-powerful) and immanent (permanently interacting with the universe). For some, the idea of having a supreme god and yet a sin-filled world is either impossible or simply means that this god is the ‘father of all evils’. Could it be that God is the alpha and the omega (the beginning and the end) but not the intermediate because he lacks the power, knowledge and love to regulate this world which has been spiralling out of control since the Fall of Man in Genesis 3? Another reason as to why it is significant is that it will reveal to us whether we are accountable for our actions or whether God’s sovereignty takes precedence over our culpability. The examination can be fragmented into two opposing perspectives, Calvinism and Arminianism, which both try to explain the predicament of predestination in regards to seven key areas: sovereignty, man’s depravity, election, Christ’s atonement, grace, man’s will andShow MoreRelatedThe Bible Vs. Bible874 Words   |  4 Pagesthis book of the Bible before? I never fully read the Bible, because â€Å"they† picked out what â€Å"they† wanted to be taught. They give us passages to remember such as, â€Å"I will lead the blind by ways they have not known, along unfamiliar paths I will guide them; I will turn the darkness into light before them and make the rough places smooth.† (Isaiah 42:16), but never, â€Å"Do no t wear clothing woven of two kinds of material.† (Leviticus 19:19). I never truly sat down, and read the Bible. Even, when I wasRead MoreThe Bible And The Hebrew Bible783 Words   |  4 Pagesa conclusion must be made that one can not put ancient literature into a neat and tidy â€Å"this is what the Bible is saying so it must be true† box. There are many parts of the Hebrew Bible that are strange to read. If many were lived out today, it would ostracize people, and to be blunt, land someone in prison. However, all of these passages are included in this great book, the Hebrew Bible, for a reason. They were important to the Jewish culture whom they were written for. Why were they importantRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible766 Words   |  4 PagesMany evangelical Christians believe that there is no error in the Holy Scriptures. Since the Bible was written many years ago, we must reconcile our understanding of passages that seem to make contradictory statements . The Holy Scriptures as a whole is the Word of God. The doctrine of inerrancy of Scripture states that there are no errors in the bible. Two passages in 1 John, however, make seemly contradictory statements. But the author wrote under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. The meaningRead MoreBible : The Gutenberg Bible1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gutenberg Bible, also known as the Mazarin Bible and the 42-Line Bible. It is often considered one of the first notable books to have been printed because unlike early books, this book was printed with movable type. Invented by Johann Gutenberg, his invention changed the course of technology and the way people gained knowledge forever. The earliest form of printing known is the application of signet stones. This was used in ancient times in Babylonia. Before The Gutenberg Bible, books were traditionally  renderedRead MoreThe Bible Vs. Bible1597 Words   |  7 PagesIn our society today, we can see many bible verses being talked about, being referred to, being preached about, but what in reality does that all mean? Many of us use and interpret different verses in the bible to give someone else a bit of hope and love, a bit of knowledge about Jesus Christ or even to give ourself a boost of confidence and hope in our own personal life. For example, when I personally am â€Å"down† or I feel overwhelmed with certain situations in life going on and I talk to my motherRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesFrom its first pages, the Holy Bible indicates that the most terrible events in the annals of space occur due to the human actions. From the theological point of view, the man i s designated with such importance due to the fact of being the reason of war between God and Lucifer. Unfortunately, after the Fall of man, the evil was allowed into the world, and thus the world got secluded from God. God can speak to people, is able to remind them of His existence, but the whole tragedy of the pre-ChristianRead MoreBiblical Bible And The Bible1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughly studies the Words of God found in the Bible, one would find that there are many topics and doctrines contained within. One of the major doctrines or teachings found in Scripture is prophecy. Around 28 percent of the Bible is classified as prophecy. The men who wrote these prophecies did not write based off what they thought would happen. Neither did they write them after the events that were predicted took place as some critics of the Bible would claim. These men were inspired by an omnipotentRead MoreThe Bible By The Poisonwood Bible981 Words   |  4 Pagesmovie producers have led peopl e on to believe, that missionaries are self-serving and as having specific intentions. One of the prime examples of misrepresenting a missionary; is the book called The Poisonwood Bible. I had to read The Poisonwood Bible in an English class. The Poisonwood Bible is the story of a missionary named Nathan Price and his family. Nathan was Reverend and he was mean to his wife and children. Nathan and his family lived in the Congo. He was disrespectful to his wife and hisRead MoreThe Bible And The Holy Bible2735 Words   |  11 PagesMesser says that for Christians, the Holy Bible is the rich mixture of writings of various kinds, written over many centuries in many different settings collected together in the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament; and by calling this collection of writing â€Å"Scripture† we are marking it off from other writings that come from the same places and times and claiming that is has some kind of special status and authority within the community of Christian faith. (Messer p5) One way for Christians toRead MoreThe Bible And The Interpretation Of The Bible910 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the interpretation of the Bible is the particular task of the exegetes, it does not belong, however, as a monopoly, since it involves, in the Church, aspects that go beyond the scientific analysis of the texts. The Church, in effect, does not consider the Bible simply as a set of historical documents concerning its origins. She welcomes it as the Word of God that directs her and the whole world, in the present time. This conviction of faith has as a consequence the practice of updating